滦河典型林分枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应

[目的]研究滦河上游典型林分的枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应,为森林健康监测和评价提供依据。[方法]对滦河上游3种林分的枯落物层未分解层与半分解层进行调查研究。[结果](1)油松林的枯落物生物量为12.03t/hm2,最大持水量为19.4t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为23.52t/hm2;落叶松林的枯落物生物量为9.51t/hm2,最大持水量为11.9t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为17.03t/hm2;落叶松白桦混交林的枯落物生物量为5.54t/hm2,最大持水量为13.0t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为13.7t/hm2。(2)半分解层枯落物浸泡8h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层需浸泡10h。枯落物在浸水的前0.5h内吸水速率最大,6h左右时吸水速率明显减缓。(3)落叶松白桦混交林土壤层持水能力最强,为375.92t/hm2;油松林土壤层的持水能力最差,为248.04t/hm2。利用幂函数对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数R2均在0.98以上。[结论]油松林枯落物层的生物量、最大持水量、有效拦蓄量都最大,而落叶松白桦混交林枯落物的土壤持水能力最强。     

BTOPMC/SCAU分布式流域水文模型原理和系统设计

BTOPMC(block-wise use of TOPMODEL(TOPgraphic MODEL,基于地形的水文模型)with the Muskingum-Cunge method,分块应用TOPMODEL和马斯京根-康吉汇流方法)是一个具有较强物理基础的分布式流域水文模型,主要用于教学和流域研究,模型有待软件化,以便用于流域作业预报和水资源管理。该文采用多层架构体系设计了该模型的计算机系统,形成了BTOPMC/SCAU(south china agricultural university),系统由数据层、模型层、通信层、数据表达层和用户操作层组成,运行环境采用客户端/服务端模式。提供手动和自动2种参数率定模式,自动率定采用SCE-UA(shuffled complex evolution developed at university of arizona)全局最优算法,内置7种目标函数。采用Open MP(open multi-processing,开放式多处理)多核并发编程技术在产汇流模块实现了多核并行计算。系统为流域水文作业预报和水资源管理提供了精致的方法和简便工具。     

不同近地表水文条件下紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀过程研究

采用模拟降雨试验,研究了自由下渗(free drainage)、土壤水分饱和(saturation)、壤中流(seepage)3种近地面水文条件下紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀过程.结果表明,近地表水文条件会对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程产生重要影响.在地面坡度5°～15°条件下,当地表水文条件由自由下渗演变为土壤水分饱和时,坡面侵蚀量由1.31～2.02 g/(min·m2)增加到1.83～5.50 g/(min·m2);当地表水文条件由土壤水分饱和变为壤中流时,坡面侵蚀量达到4.40～16.41 g/(min·m2).土壤水分饱和条件下坡面侵蚀量是自由下渗的1.40～2.73倍;壤中流条件下坡面侵蚀量是自由下渗时的3.36～8.12倍,是土壤水分饱和时的2.40～2.98倍.同时,坡面坡度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程有重要的影响.     

An investigation of carbohydrate and protein degradation ratios,nitrogen to energy synchronization and hourly effective rumen digestion of barley: effect of variety and growth year

The objective of this study was to investigate rumen available soluble, insoluble and total protein (CP), estimated structural (SC) and non‐structural carbohydrate (starch: ST), degradation characteristic ratios and hourly effective degradation of six barley varieties during three consecutive growth years (2003, 2004, 2005). The magnitude of the differences was determined between the varieties and growth years. Measured degradation kinetics included soluble fraction (S), undegradable fraction (U), lag time (T₀) and rate of degradation (K_d) of the insoluble but degradable fraction (D). Rumen available soluble, insoluble, and total N, SC and ST and the rumen degradation characteristic ratios were determined using the Tamminga rumen degradation ratio system. Characteristics of the hourly effective degradation between N and carbohydrate (CHO) among the six barley varieties for 3 years were also studied. The degradation ratios included were total rumen available N and carbohydrate ratio (FN/FCHO), rumen available soluble N and carbohydrate ratio (SN/SCHO), and rumen available insoluble N and carbohydrate ratio (EN/ECHO). Results show that both the barley variety and growth year had a significant effect on degradation kinetics (S, D, U, T₀ and/or K_d). Differences in the ratio of FN/FCHO among varieties ranged from 16.6 to 19.0 g/kg (p < 0.01). There was no difference in SN/SCHO (p > 0.05) with an average of 4.9 g/kg. The difference in the EN/ECHO ratio tended to be significant among the varieties (p = 0.069) ranging from 18.4 to 21.3 g/kg. Differences in the hourly effective degradation between N and CHO were relatively small at shorter incubation times (2–4 h) However, as the length of rumen incubation increased (12–24 h), much larger differences in the rate of effective hourly degradation were observed. In conclusion, both barley variety and growth year had significant effects on rumen degradation kinetics. The mean FN/FCHO ratio of 17.2 (16.6–19.0) was observed for the six barley varieties in this experiment. All barley varieties exhibited a less optimal rumen fermentation ratio (17.2 < optimum: FN/FCHO = 25 to 33 g N per kg CHO). The large differences in the degradation kinetics, characteristics ratios and hourly effective degradation among barley varieties and growth years may help to explain some of the large variations that are seen in cattle performance.     

极端气候条件下冬小麦产量构成及成因分析

对冬小麦极端气象年份的气候特征与小麦地上部生长发育状况进行了分析比较。在2003年寒冬冷春、日照偏少、春雨偏多的气候条件下，与2002年相比，冬小麦主要生育期分别推迟4～18 d，单位面积茎数(峰值)减少29.1%；生物量及叶面积系数大幅下降；穗粒数、千粒重虽分别提高6.37粒和3.21 g，但有效穗数降幅较大(320.84万穗/hm²)，仍导致减产612.29 kg/hm²。分析结果认为，在气候异常年份，改进播种制度，调整播种量，间接调控单位面积穗数，可有效提高产量。     

渭北旱塬丰水年春玉米产量潜势及水肥效应研究

采用试验方法对谓北塬区春玉米进行旱作产量潜势和水肥效应定量研究，结果表明：该区丰水年份春玉米产量潜势为６０３．６Ｋｇ／亩，产量潜势系数为１．０，自然降水可完全满足春玉米生长需要。在此基础上所进行的人工田间供水（以提高土壤水分水平）会导致水分利用率的降侈低，但不会造成减产。相反，无论在何种水分条件下培肥地力，不仅可以大幅度提高春玉米产量，还能明显提高水分利用率。     

岔巴沟流域泥沙输移比时空分异特征及影响因素

本文以团山沟单元小流域作为流域系统产沙的源地，将其它中小流域输沙模数与单元小流域侵蚀模数之比定义为泥沙输移比，系统的研究了岔巴沟流域次暴雨泥沙输移比的时空变化特征及降水水文影响因子和地貌形态因子的综合影响。研究发现，从长远来看，流域系统的侵蚀与产沙可达到平衡，但就次降雨或年度而言，流域系统经常处于泥沙滞留和滞留的泥沙重新侵蚀搬运的状态。降雨量、径流系数、降雨时间、水流平均含沙量能很好的表达岔巴沟各流域次暴雨泥沙输移比，在考虑地貌形态因子的影响后，得到了岔巴沟流域次暴雨泥沙输移比的降水水文因子与地貌形态因子关系的综合表达式。     

基于分布式水文模型的水土保持水文水资源效应研究

 以往水土保持水文水资源效应研究所采取的方法均为水文法和水保法。由于这2种方法都不能系统地揭示水土保持对水循环影响的物理机制,并且采用的水资源评价口径只是单一的狭义水资源,使得研究成果不能真实反映水土保持的水文水资源效应。以狭义水资源和广义水资源为评价口径的基于物理机制的分布式水文模型则能克服水文法和水保法的严重弊端。评述分布式水文模型的研究进展;应用基于物理机制的分布式水文模型(WEP-L模型),以黄河流域的重点水土流失治理区——河口镇至龙门区间为例,对水土保持的水文水资源效应进行定量研究。结果表明:水土保持使广义水资源量增加72．6亿m3,增幅27．1％;使狭义水资源量减少9．0亿m3,减幅14．4％;使狭义水资源的构成发生了变化,即地表水资源量减小、不重复量和地下水资源量增加。     

鄂西山地马尾松林水文效应研究

为了定量评价马尾松林的综合水文功能,对鄂西山地区内的马尾松林林冠截留、枯落物截留和林地土壤蓄流等关键水文效应进行了观测研究。结果表明：林冠截留率为19.14%,树干茎流率为0.48%;林冠截留量与降雨量呈幂函数关系,林内透雨、树干茎流分别与降雨量呈线性关系;枯落物最大持水率为224.23%,土壤贮水力为291.63t/...     

青海湟水河流域不同退耕还林模式水文效应

基于野外采样、定点观测和室内实验,研究青海湟水河流域不同退耕还林模式水文效应,结果表明：不同林分类型枯落物有效持水性大小顺序为云杉桦树混交〉桦树〉云杉〉沙棘,其林下土壤持水性大小顺序为云杉桦树混交〉沙棘〉桦树〉云杉〉农田;森林土壤是森林生态系统水文效应的主体,枯落物和土壤总持水性大小顺序为云杉桦树混交〉沙棘〉桦树〉云杉〉农田。不同林分类型枯落物持水量决定于枯落物蓄积量和自然含水率,其林下土壤持水量决定于土壤非毛细管孔隙度。